Reji Kumar, R; Dr. Jacob, Philip(Cochin University of Science and Technology, December , 2009)
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Abstract:
Hevea latex is a natural biological liquid of very complex composition .Besides rubber hydrocarbons,it contains many proteinous and resinous substances,carbohydrates,inorganic matter,water,and others.The Dry Rubber Content (DRC) of latex varies according to season, tapping system,weather,soil conditions ,clone,age of the tree etc. The true DRC of the latex must be determined to ensure fair prices for the latex during commercial exchange.The DRC of Hevea latex is a very familiar term to all in the rubber industry.It has been the basis for incentive payments to tappers who bring in more than the daily agreed poundage of latex.It is an important parameter for rubber and latex processing industries for automation and verious decesion making processes.This thesis embodies the efforts made by me to determine the DRC of rubber latex following different analytical tools such as MIR absorption,thermal analysis.dielectric spectroscopy and NIR reflectance.The rubber industry is still Looking for a compact instrument that is accurate economical,easy to use and environment friendly.I hope the results presented in this thesis will help to realise this goal in the near future.
Description:
Department of Instrumentation,
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Boban, Thomas; Dr.Krishna Pillai, M G(Cochin University of Science and Technology, December , 1989)
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Abstract:
This thesis deals with preparing stoichiometric crystalline thin films of InSe and In2Se3 by elemental evapouration and their property investigation.In the present study three temperature( or Elemental evapouration) method is utilized for the deposition of crystalline thin films . The deposition mechanism using three temperature method deals’ with condensation of solids on heated surfaces when the critical supersaturation of the vapour phase exceeds a certain limit. The critical values of the incident flux are related to substrate temperature and the interfacial energies of the involved vapours. At a favorable presence of component atoms in the vapour phase these can react and condense onto a substrate even at a elevated temperature. In the studies conducted the most significant factor is the formation of single compositional film namely indium mono selenide in the In –se system of compounds .Further this work shows the feasibility of thin film photovoltaic junctions of the schottky barrier type
Description:
Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Anita, Warrier R; Dr.Vijayakumar, K P(Cochin University of Science & Technology, August , 2010)
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Abstract:
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is the use of non-invasive techniques to determine the
integrity of a material, component, or structure. Engineers and scientists use NDT in a
variety of applications, including medical imaging, materials analysis, and process control.Photothermal beam deflection technique is one of the most promising NDT technologies.
Tremendous R&D effort has been made for improving the efficiency and simplicity of this
technique. It is a popular technique because it can probe surfaces irrespective of the size of
the sample and its surroundings. This technique has been used to characterize several
semiconductor materials, because of its non-destructive and non-contact evaluation
strategy. Its application further extends to analysis of wide variety of materials. Instrumentation of a NDT technique is very crucial for any material analysis. Chapter two
explores the various excitation sources, source modulation techniques, detection and signal
processing schemes currently practised. The features of the experimental arrangement
including the steps for alignment, automation, data acquisition and data analysis are
explained giving due importance to details.Theoretical studies form the backbone of photothermal techniques. The outcome of a
theoretical work is the foundation of an application.The reliability of the
theoretical model developed and used is proven from the studies done on crystalline.The technique is applied for analysis of transport properties such as thermal diffusivity,
mobility, surface recombination velocity and minority carrier life time of the material and
thermal imaging of solar cell absorber layer materials like CuInS2, CuInSe2 and SnS thin
films.analysis of In2S3 thin films, which are used as buffer layer material in
solar cells. The various influences of film composition, chlorine and silver incorporation in
this material is brought out from the measurement of transport properties and analysis of
sub band gap levels.The application of photothermal deflection technique for characterization of solar cells is a
relatively new area that requires considerable attention.The application of photothermal deflection technique for characterization of solar cells is a
relatively new area that requires considerable attention. Chapter six thus elucidates the
theoretical aspects of application of photothermal techniques for solar cell analysis. The
experimental design and method for determination of solar cell efficiency, optimum load
resistance and series resistance with results from the analysis of CuInS2/In2S3 based solar
cell forms the skeleton of this chapter.
Description:
Department of Physics,
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Raghu, O; Dr. Jacob, Philip(Cochin University of Science and Technology, February , 2007)
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Abstract:
Among the large number of photothcrmal techniques available, photoacoustics
assumes a very significant place because of its essential simplicity and the variety of
applications it finds in science and technology. The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the
generation of an acoustic signal when a sample, kept inside an enclosed volume, is
irradiated by an intensity modulated beam of radiation. The radiation absorbed by the
sample is converted into thermal waves by nonradiative de-excitation processes. The
propagating thermal waves cause a corresponding expansion and contraction of the
gas medium surrounding the sample, which in tum can be detected as sound waves by
a sensitive microphone. These sound waves have the same frequency as the initial
modulation frequency of light. Lock-in detection method enables one to have a
sufficiently high signal to noise ratio for the detected signal. The PA signal amplitude
depends on the optical absorption coefficient of the sample and its thermal properties.
The PA signal phase is a function of the thermal diffusivity of the sample.Measurement of the PA amplitude and phase enables one to get valuable information
about the thermal and optical properties of the sample.
Since the PA signal depends on the optical and thennal properties of the
sample, their variation will get reflected in the PA signal. Therefore, if the PA signal
is collected from various points on a sample surface it will give a profile of the
variations in the optical/thennal properties across the sample surface. Since the optical
and thermal properties are affected by the presence of defects, interfaces, change of
material etc. these will get reflected in the PA signal. By varying the modulation
frequency, we can get information about the subsurface features also. This is the basic
principle of PA imaging or PA depth profiling. It is a quickly expanding field with
potential applications in thin film technology, chemical engineering, biology, medical
diagnosis etc. Since it is a non-destructive method, PA imaging has added advantages
over some of the other imaging techniques. A major part of the work presented in this
thesis is concemed with the development of a PA imaging setup that can be used to
detect the presence of surface and subsmface defects in solid samples.Determination of thermal transport properties such as thermal diffusivity,
effusivity, conductivity and heat capacity of materials is another application of
photothennal effect. There are various methods, depending on the nature of the
sample, to determine these properties. However, there are only a few methods
developed to determine all these properties simultaneously. Even though a few
techniques to determine the above thermal properties individually for a coating can be
found in literature, no technique is available for the simultaneous measurement of
these parameters for a coating. We have developed a scanning photoacoustic technique that can be used to determine all the above thermal transport properties
simultaneously in the case of opaque coatings such as paints. Another work that we
have presented in this thesis is the determination of thermal effusivity of many bulk
solids by a scanning photoacoustic technique. This is one of the very few methods
developed to determine thermal effiisivity directly.
Description:
Dept.of Instrumentation,Cochin University of Science and Technology
Manjusha, M V; Dr. Jacob, Philip(Cochin University of Science and Technology, May , 2008)
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Abstract:
Photothermal spectroscopy is a group of high sensitivity methods used to measure optical absorption and thermal characteristics of a sample.The basis of photothermal spectroscopy is a photo-induced change in the thermal state of the sample.Light energy absorbed and not lost by subsequent emission results in sample heating.This heating results in a temperature change as well as changes in thermodynamic parameters of the sample which are related to temperature.Measurements of the temperature,pressure,or density changes that occur due to optical absorption are ultimately the basis for the photothermal spectroscopic methods.This is a more direct measure of optical absorption than optical transmission based spectroscopies.Sample heating is a direct consequence of optical absorption and so photothermal spectroscopy signals are directly dependent on light absorption.Scattering and reflection losses do not produce photothermal signals.Subsequently,photothermal spectroscopy more accurately measures optical absorption in scattering solutions,in solids,and at interfaces.This aspect makes it particularly attractive for application to surface and solid absorption studies,and studies in scattering media.
Description:
Department of Instrumentation,
Cochin University of Science and Technology