Premachandran,S K; Dr.Joy, George(Cochin University of Science And Technology, January , 1981)
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Abstract:
The thesis presents the results of the investigations on the crystallisation ‘behaviour, detect
structure end electrical properties of certain organic crystals---phthslic snhydride end potsssiun scid phthalate Hollow crystals of phthalic snhydride were grown from vapour. the norpholog of these hollow crystals were studied in detail and s. mechanism for their growth has been proposed. A closed crystal—vapour system was used to study the basal plane growth of the
whiskers and the sequential growth, observed, confirmed the mechanism suggested for hollow crystals. The dendritic crystals of phthslic enhydride were grown, both iron
the melt and solution. The observed morphologies of these dendrites ere described. Bpherulites of phthalic anhydride have been grown by the artificial initiation of nucleation, from melt and solution. The variation of the substructure oi’ these spherulites with the growth tenperature wee
investigated. The spherulitic filll having ribbon substructure were etched to reveal dislocations. A mechanism for the formation of the observed etch pattern has been suggested. the slip occurring in these ribbons were studied and the results are presented
Description:
Department of physics, Cochin University of Science And Technology
Vanaja, K A; Dr.Jayalekshmi, S(Cochin University of Science and Technology, May , 2011)
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Abstract:
In the present studies, various copper delafossite materials viz; CuAlO2,
CuGaO2, CuFeO2 , CuGa1-xFexO2, CuYO2 and CuCaxY1-xO2 were synthesised by
solid state reaction technique. These copper delafossite materials were grown in
thin film form by rf magnetron sputtering technique. In general copper
delafossites exhibit good optical transparency. The conductivity of the CuYO2
could be improved by Ca doping or by oxygen intercalation by annealing the film in oxygen atmosphere. It has so far been impossible to improve the p-type
conductivity of CuGaO2 significantly by doping Mg or Ca on the Ga site. The ptype
conductivity is presumed to be due to oxygen doping or Cu Vacancies [6].
Reports in literature show, oxygen intercalation or divalent ion doping on Ga
site is not possible for CuGaO2 thin films to improve the p-type conductivity.
Sintered powder and crystals of CuFeO2 have been reported as the materials
having the highest p-type conductivity [14, 15] among the copper and silver
delafossites. However the CuFeO2 films are found to be less transparent in the
visible region compared to CuGaO2. Hence in the present work, the solid
solution between the CuGaO2 and CuFeO2 was effected by solid state reaction,
varying the Fe content. The CuGa1-xFexO2 with Fe content, x=0.5 shows an
increase in conductivity by two orders, compared to CuGaO2 but the
transparency is only about 50% in the visible region which is less than that of
CuGaO2 The synthesis of α−AgGaO2 was carried out by two step process which
involves the synthesis of β-AgGaO2 by ion exchange reaction followed by the
hydrothermal conversion of the β-AgGaO2 into α-AgGaO2. The trace amount of
Ag has been reduced substantially in the two step synthesis compared to the
direct hydrothermal synthesis. Thin films of α-AgGaO2 were prepared on silicon
and Al2O3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. These studies indicate the
possibility of using this material as p-type material in thin film form for
transparent electronics. The room temperature conductivity of α-AgGaO2 was
measured as 3.17 x 10-4 Scm-1and the optical band gap was estimated as 4.12 eV.
A transparent p-n junction thin film diode on glass substrate was fabricated
using p-type α-AgGaO2 and n-ZnO.AgCoO2 thin films with 50% transparency in the visible region were deposited
on single crystalline Al2O3 and amorphous silica substrates by RF magnetron
sputtering and p type conductivity of AgCoO2 was demonstrated by fabricating
transparent p-n junction diode with AgCoO2 as p-side and ZnO: Al as n-side
using sputtering. The junction thus obtained was found to be rectifying with a
forward to reverse current of about 10 at an applied voltage of 3 V.The present
study shows that silver delafossite thin films with p-type conductivity can be
used for the fabrication of active devices for transparent electronics applications.
Description:
Department of Physics,
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Nisha, M; Jayaraj, M K(Department of Physics, December , 2006)
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Abstract:
The increasing interest in the interaction of light with electricity and
electronically active materials made the materials and techniques for producing
semitransparent electrically conducting films particularly attractive. Transparent
conductors have found major applications in a number of electronic and
optoelectronic devices including resistors, transparent heating elements,
antistatic and electromagnetic shield coatings, transparent electrode for solar
cells, antireflection coatings, heat reflecting mirrors in glass windows and many
other. Tin doped indium oxide (indium tin oxide or ITO) is one of the most
commonly used transparent conducting oxides. At present and likely well into
the future this material offers best available performance in terms of
conductivity and transmittivity combined with excellent environmental stability,
reproducibility and good surface morphology.
Although partial transparency, with a reduction in conductivity, can be obtained
for very thin metallic films, high transparency and simultaneously high
conductivity cannot be attained in intrinsic stoichiometric materials. The only
way this can be achieved is by creating electron degeneracy in a wide bandgap
(Eg > 3eV or more for visible radiation) material by controllably introducing
non-stoichiometry and/or appropriate dopants. These conditions can be
conveniently met for ITO as well as a number of other materials like Zinc oxide,
Cadmium oxide etc.
ITO shows interesting and technologically important combination of properties
viz high luminous transmittance, high IR reflectance, good electrical
conductivity, excellent substrate adherence and chemical inertness. ITO is a key
part of solar cells, window coatings, energy efficient buildings, and flat panel
displays. In solar cells, ITO can be the transparent, conducting top layer that lets
light into the cell to shine the junction and lets electricity flow out. Improving
the ITO layer can help improve the solar cell efficiency. A transparent
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conducting oxide is a material with high transparency in a derived part of the
spectrum and high electrical conductivity. Beyond these key properties of
transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), ITO has a number of other key
characteristics. The structure of ITO can be amorphous, crystalline, or mixed,
depending on the deposition temperature and atmosphere. The electro-optical
properties are a function of the crystallinity of the material. In general, ITO
deposited at room temperature is amorphous, and ITO deposited at higher
temperatures is crystalline. Depositing at high temperatures is more expensive
than at room temperature, and this method may not be compatible with the
underlying devices.
The main objective of this thesis work is to optimise the growth conditions of
Indium tin oxide thin films at low processing temperatures. The films are
prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering under various deposition
conditions. The films are also deposited on to flexible substrates by employing
bias sputtering technique. The films thus grown were characterised using
different tools. A powder x-ray diffractometer was used to analyse the
crystalline nature of the films. The energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for evaluating the composition
and morphology of the films. Optical properties were investigated using the UVVIS-
NIR spectrophotometer by recording the transmission/absorption spectra.
The electrical properties were studied using vander Pauw four probe technique.
The plasma generated during the sputtering of the ITO target was analysed using
Langmuir probe and optical emission spectral studies.
Valsala Kumari, C K; Dr.Joy, George(Cochin University of Science and Technology, September 20, 1984)
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Abstract:
During the past few decades, a wide spread interest in the structural, optical, electrical and
other physical properties of the transition metal dichalcogenide layer compounds has evolved. The members of this family of compounds can be regarded as strongly bonded two dimensional chalcogen-metal~chalcogen layers which are loosely coupled to one another by the weak ven
der Waal's forces. Because of this type of bonding, the crystals are easily cleavable along the basal plane and show highly anisotropic properties. This thesis contains the growth and the study
of the physical properties of certain tin dichalcogenide crystals (SnS2 and SnSe2). Tin disulphide and tin diselenide crystallize in the hexagonal CdI2 type crystal structure. This structure consists of layers of tin atoms sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms. A tin atom is surrounded by six chalcogen atoms octahedrally.In the layers the atoms are held together by
covalent bonding and in between the layers there is van der Waal's bonding.
Description:
Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Valsala Kumari, C K; Dr.Joy, George(Cochin University of Science and Technology, 1984)
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Abstract:
During the past few decades, a wide spread interest in the structural, optical, electrical and other physical properties of the transition metal dichalcogenide
layer compounds has evolved. The members of this family of compounds can be regarded as stronglybonded two dimensional chalcogen-metal-chalcogen layers
which are loosely coupled to one another by the weak van der Waal's forces. Because of this type of bonding, the crystals are easily cleavable along the basal plane and show highly anisotropic properties. This thesis contains the growth and the study of the physical properties of certain tin dichalcogenide
crystals (SnS2 and Snsea). Tin disulphide and tin diselenide crystallize in the hexagonal CdI2 type crystalstructure. This structure consists of layers of tin
atoms sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms. Aitin atom is surrounded by six chalcogen atoms octahedrally. In the layers the atoms are held together by covalent bonding and in between the layers there is
van der Waal's bonding.
Description:
Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology
George, Peter; Dr.Joy, George(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, July 11, 1986)
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Abstract:
Over the past years there has been considerable interest in the
growth of single crystals both from the point of view of basic research
and technological application. With the revolutionary emergence
of solid state electronics which is based on single crystal technolo8Ys
basic and applied studies on crystal growth and characterization
_have gained a-more significant role in material science. These studies
are being carried out for single crystals not only of semiconductor
and other electronic materials but also of metals and insulators.
Many organic crystals belonging to the orthorhombic class exhibit
ferroelectric, electrooptic, triboluminescent and piezoelectric properties.
Diammonium Hydrogen Citrate (DAHC) crystals are reported to
be piezoelectric and triboluminescent /1/. Koptsik et al. /2/ have
reported the piezoelectric nature of Citric Acid Monohydrate (CA)
crystals. And since not much work has been done on these crystals,
it has been thought useful to grow and characterize these crystals.
This thesis presents a study of the growth of these crystals
from solution and their defect structures. The results of the microindentation and thermal analysis are presented. Dielectric, fractographic, infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) studies of DAHC crystals are also reported
Description:
Department of Physics, Cochin University
of Science and Technology
Kunjomana, A G; Dr.Elizabeth, Mathai(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, August 10, 1992)
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Abstract:
The physical properties of solid matter are
basically influenced by the existence of lattice defects;
as a result the study of crystal defects has assumed
a central position in solid state physics and materials
science. The study of dislocations ixa single crystals
can yield a great deal of information on the mechanical
properties of materials. In order to secure a full understanding
of the processes taking place in semiconducting
materials, it is important to investigate the microhardness
of these materials-—the most reliable method of
determining the fine structure of crystals, the revelation
of micro—inhomogenities in the distribution of impurities,
the effect of dislocation density on the mechanical
properties of crystals etc. Basically electrical conductivity
in single crystals is a defect controlled phenomenon
and hence detailed investigation of the electrical properties
of these materials is one of the best available
methods for the study of defects in them. In the present
thesis a series of detailed studies carried out in Te—Se
system, Bi2Te3 and In2Te3 crystals using surface topographical,
dislocation and microindentation analysis as well as
electrical measurements are presented
Description:
Department of
Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Ajimsha, R S; Jayaraj, M K(Department of Physics, February , 2008)
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Abstract:
Transparent conducting oxides (TCO’s) have been known and used for technologically important applications for more than 50 years. The oxide materials such as In2O3, SnO2 and impurity doped SnO2: Sb, SnO2: F and In2O3: Sn (indium tin oxide) were primarily used as TCO’s. Indium based oxides had been widely used as TCO’s for the past few decades. But the current increase in the cost of indium and scarcity of this material created the difficulty in obtaining low cost TCO’s. Hence the search for alternative TCO material has been a topic of active research for the last few decades. This resulted in the development of various binary and ternary compounds. But the advantages of using binary oxides are the easiness to control the composition and deposition parameters. ZnO has been identified as the one of the promising candidate for transparent electronic applications owing to its exciting optoelectronic properties. Some optoelectronics applications of ZnO overlap with that of GaN, another wide band gap semiconductor which is widely used for the production of green, blue-violet and white light emitting devices. However ZnO has some advantages over GaN among which are the availability of fairly high quality ZnO bulk single crystals and large excitonic binding energy. ZnO also has much simpler crystal-growth technology, resulting in a potentially lower cost for ZnO based devices.
Most of the TCO’s are n-type semiconductors and are utilized as transparent electrodes in variety of commercial applications such as photovoltaics, electrochromic windows, flat panel displays. TCO’s provide a great potential for realizing diverse range of active functions, novel functions can be integrated into the materials according to the requirement. However the application of TCO’s has been restricted to transparent electrodes,
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notwithstanding the fact that TCO’s are n-type semiconductors. The basic reason is the lack of p-type TCO, many of the active functions in semiconductor originate from the nature of pn-junction. In 1997, H. Kawazoe et al reported the CuAlO2 as the first p-type TCO along with the chemical design concept for the exploration of other p-type TCO’s. This has led to the fabrication of all transparent diode and transistors.
Fabrication of nanostructures of TCO has been a focus of an ever-increasing number of researchers world wide, mainly due to their unique optical and electronic properties which makes them ideal for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from flexible displays, quantum well lasers to in vivo biological imaging and therapeutic agents. ZnO is a highly multifunctional material system with highly promising application potential for UV light emitting diodes, diode lasers, sensors, etc. ZnO nanocrystals and nanorods doped with transition metal impurities have also attracted great interest, recently, for their spin-electronic applications
This thesis summarizes the results on the growth and characterization of ZnO based diodes and nanostructures by pulsed laser ablation. Various ZnO based heterojunction diodes have been fabricated using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and their electrical characteristics were interpreted using existing models. Pulsed laser ablation has been employed to fabricate ZnO quantum dots, ZnO nanorods and ZnMgO/ZnO multiple quantum well structures with the aim of studying the luminescent properties.
Sreeja, R; Dr.Jayaraj, M K(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, July 6, 2011)
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Abstract:
Nonlinear optics has been a rapidly growing field in recent decades since the
invention of lasers. The systematic progress in the laser technology increases our
efficiency in the generation and control of coherent optical radiations. Nonlinear
optics is based on the study ofeffects and phenomena related to the interaction of
intense coherent light radiation with matter. Compared to other light sources laser radiation can provide high directionality, high monochromaticiry, high brightness
and high photon degeneracy. At such a very intense incident beam, the matter
responds in a nonlinear manner to the incident radiation fields, which endows the
media :1 characteristic to change the refractive index or absorption coe fflcient of the
media or the wavelength, or the frequency of the incident electromagnetic waves.
This thesis encompasses the fabrication of nonlinear optical devices based on
semiconductor and metal nanostructures. The presented work focus on the
experimental and theoretical discussions on nonlinear optical effects especially
nonlinear absorption and refraction exhibitted by metal and semiconductor nanostructures
Description:
Optoelectronic Devices Laboratory
Department of Physics
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Joy, C M; Dr.Balakrishnan, K P(Cochin University of Science and Technology, April , 1989)
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Abstract:
The thesis entitled Growth Response of Phytoplankton Exposed to Industrial Effluents in River Periyar. The present investigation has been conducted in two phases: field observation and algal assays. The monthly distribution of hydrographic features is represented graphically. The sampling year has been divided into three seasons: monsoon (June to September), postmonsoon (October to January) and premonsoon (February to May). The data were analysed using Student's t-test to find whether there was any significant difference between surface and bottom samples. The spatial variation of the variables was assessed by Page's L (trend) test (Ray Meddis, 1975). The standard procedure for algal toxicity test (Ward and Parrish, 1982) was followed throughout the study. Statistical analysis (Page's L (trend) test) showed that there was no significant difference in Secchi disc transparency between the stations. The field observations as well as the laboratory assays confirm that the rate of discharge in river Periyar during premonsoon is insufficient to effect dilution of wastewater received in the industrial zone.
Description:
School of Environmental Studies,
Cochin University of Science
and Technology.
Bindu Bhaskaran, A B; Dr.Mohammed Salih,K Y(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, March 14, 2011)
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Abstract:
Fishes are one of the most important members of the aquatic food chain, and
through them some toxicants may reach human beings as well. The selection of
organisms for toxicity test is mainly based on certain criteria like its ecological
status, position within the food chain, suitability for laboratory studies, genetically
stable, uniform populations and adequate background data on the organism
(Buikema et al., 1982). The species selected for the present study Etroplus
maculatus satisfy most of the above protocols. Rechten (1980) opined it as a
laboratory favorite of fish researchers. However, there are difficulties in the rise of
fishes for pollution assessment impact. Most important of these is our limited
understanding of the mechanism of toxicity. The interpretation of the significance or specificity of a measured biological response could there for become difficult.
Not withstanding these limitations, attempts have been made to the normal
haematology and to analyze the impact of heavy metal at realistic levels to the
experimental media, on the haematology, and enzymatic activity and histology of
Etroplus maculatus
Description:
Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Annies, Joseph; Dr.Rosamma,Philip(Cochin University of Science and Technology, July , 2008)
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Abstract:
This thesis Entitled Haematological responses of penaeus monodon to environmental alterations and pathogenic invasion. Thesis concluded from the present study that stress is accompanied by
alterations in haemolymph metabolic variables and immune responses that influences the susceptibility of P. monodon to infection. Acute salinity variations were proved to be a stress condition that enhances the susceptibility of P. monodon to V. harveyi and WSSV infection. Ambient Cu at 0.1 mg 1" and ambient Zn at 1.0 mg 1" proved immunostimulatory in increasing the immunocompetence of P. monodon to WSSV infection and higher concentrations of Cu and Zn proved immunosuppressive.
Haemolymph total protein, total carbohydrates and total lipids showed the highest relation with immune responses. THC, PO, ACP and ALP that greatly correlated with the survival rate proposed as reliable biomarkers of health in P. monodon. The study highlights the need for proper management practices and regular health monitoring to be adopted to avoid mass mortality in shrimp culture ponds.
Description:
Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry,
School of Ocean Science and T echnology,
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Selven,S; Dr.Rosamma,Philip(Cochin University of Science and Technology, May , 2008)
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Abstract:
Aquaculture has developed to become one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world.Today India is one among the major shrimp producing countries in the world.There are extensive and intensive shrimp culture practices. In
extensive shrimp culture, shrimps are stocked at low densities (< 25 PLs m'2)in large ponds or tidal enclosures in which little or no management is exercised or possible. Farmers depend almost entirely on natural conditions in extensive cultures. Intensive shrimp culture is carried out in
high densities (>200 PLs m'2). Much of the world shrimp production still comes from extensive culture.There is a growing demand for fish and marine products for human and animal consumption. This demand has led to rapid growth of
aquaculture, which some times has been accompanied by ecological impacts and economic loss due to diseases. The expansion of shrimp culture always accompanies local environmental degradation and
occurrence of diseases.Disease out breaks is recognised as a significant constraint to aquaculture production. Environmental factors, water quality, pollution due to effluent discharge and pathogenic invasion due to vertical
and horizontal transmission are the main causes of shrimp disease out breaks. Nutritional imbalance, toxicant and other pollutants also account for the onset of diseases.
pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.Viruses are the most economically significant pathogens of the cultured shrimps world wide. Disease control in shrimp aquaculture should focus first on preventive measures for eliminating disease promoting factors.ln order to design prophylactic and proactive measures against shrimp diseases, it is mandatory to understand the immune make up of the cultivable species,
its optimum culture conditions and the physico chemical parameters of the rearing environment. It has been proven beyond doubt that disease is an end result of complex interaction of environment, pathogen and the host animal. The aquatic environment is abounded with infectious microbes.The transmission of disease in this environment is extremely easy,
especially under dense, culture conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the immune responses of the cultured animal in relation to its environmental alterations and microbial invasions is essential indevising strategic measures against aquaculture loss due to diseases. This study accentuate the importance of
proper and regular health monitoring in shrimps employing the most appropriate haematological biomarkers for application of suitable prophylactic measures in order to avoid serious health hazards in shrimp culture systems.
Suresh, K; Dr.Mohandas, A(Cochin University of Science And Technology, January , 1988)
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Abstract:
It is well known that under certain conditions, populations of oysters
and clams are susceptible to destructive epizootics caused by pathogenic
micro-organisms. It has also been shown that exposure of mammals to certain
heavy metals causes increased susceptibility to and severity of microbial
infections (Koller, 1980). Consequently, pollutants that affect haemocyte
viability or interfere with internal defence functions of the haemocytes which
are considered as the major means of defence in moliuscs against invading
foreign organisms and pathogens (Cheng, 1981) may have profound effect on
long term survival of molluscan populations. All these justify the significance
of the present study in the context of the current status on molluscan
culture programme, and how the data on molluscan haematological studies
.could be taken as the reliable criteria for pollution monitoring studies.
Description:
School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Neil, Scholastin Correya; Dr.Rosamma,Philip(Cochin University of Science And Technology, October , 2012)
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Abstract:
The marine environment is indubitably the largest contiguous habitat on
Earth. Because of its vast volume and area, the influence of the world ocean on
global climate is profound and plays an important role in human welfare and
destiny. The marine environment encompasses several habitats, from the sea
surface layer down through the bulk water column, which extends >10,000 meters
depth, and further down to the habitats on and under the sea floor. Compared to
surface habitats, which have relatively high kinetic energy, deep-ocean circulation
is very sluggish. By comparison, life in the deep sea is characterized by a relatively
constant physical and chemical environment. Deep water occupying the world
ocean basin is a potential natural resource based on its properties such as low
temperature, high pressure and relatively unexplored properties. So, a judicious
assessment of the marine resources and its management are essential to ensure
sustainable development of the country’s ocean resources.
Marine sediments are complex environments that are affected by both
physiological and biological factors, water movements and burrowing animals.
They encompass a large extent of aggregates falling from the surface waters. In
aquatic ecosystems, the flux of organic matter to the bottom sediments depend on
primary productivity at the ocean surface and water depth. Over 50% of the earth’s
surface is covered by deep-sea sediments that are primarily formed through the
continual deposition of particles from the productive pelagic waters (Vetriani et al.,
1999). These aggregates are regarded as ‘hot spots’ of microbial activity in the
ocean (Simon et al., 2002). This represents a good nutritional substrate for
heterotrophic bacteria and favours bacterial growth
Description:
School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science And Technology
Santhi, Thirumani S; Dr.Chandrika, V(Cochin University of Science And Technology, June , 1992)
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Abstract:
The principal interest of the present investigation was to determine
seasonal and vertical variation of chemoorganotrophic utilisation of glucose
and sodium—acetate by the natural bacterial population in the aquaculture
pond of Narakkal, Cochin using techniques which allow maintenance of
the in situ gaseous concentrations during incubation. In addition salinity,
dissolved oxygen, temperature, hydrogen—ion—.concentration, primary production,
plant pigments and total bacterial concentration were determined
seasonally and vertically because of their possible relationship to chemoorganotrophy.
Hamsakutty, V; Dr.Mathew, K T(Cochin University of Science and Technology, March , 2007)
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Abstract:
In this thesis, the author proposes a new geometry DR antenna-the Hexagonal Dielectric Resonator Antenna(HDRA)-capable of multiple frequency operation on a single feed of excitation.This avoids the conventional use of miniaturizes the structure.The properties of the HDRA on microstrip as well as coaxial feeding have been studied.The analysis of radiation characteristics indicates a gain comparable with other shapes.The antenna is capable of providing efficiency around 98%.The simulation using HFSS also yields results in conformity with the experimental results.Mode analysis is carried out and the modes are identified.The determination of the reflection characteristics through theoretical analysis using FDTD validates the multifrequency operation of the antenna,The antenna finds application in DCT,PCS and WLAN bands.
Description:
Department of
Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Vimalkumar, T V; Dr.Vijayakumar, K P(Cochin University of Science & Technology, August , 2011)
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Abstract:
In the present work we report the preparation details studies on ZnO thin films. ZnO
thin films are prepared using cost effective deposition technique viz., Chemical Spray
Pyrolysis (CSP). The method is very effective for large area preparation of the ZnO thin
film. A new post-deposition process could also be developed to avoid the adsorption of
oxygen that usually occurs after the spraying process i.e., while cooling. Studies were done
by changing the various deposition parameters for optimizing the properties of ZnO thin
film. Moreover, different methods of doping using various elements are also tried to
enhance the conductivity and transparency of the film to make these suitable for various
optoelectronic applications.
Description:
Department of Physics,
Cochin University of Science and Technology