Sajan, D George; Dilna, S; Prasanth, R; Radhakrishnan, P; Vallabhan, C P G; Nampoori, V P N(Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers., 2003)
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Abstract:
We report a photoacoustic (PA) study of the thermal and transport properties of a GaAs epitaxial layer doped with Si at varying doping concentration, grown on GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The data are analyzed on the basis of Rosencwaig and Gersho’s theory of the PA effect. The amplitude of the PA signal gives information about various heat generation mechanisms in semiconductors. The experimental data obtained from the measurement of the PA signal as a function of modulation frequency in a heat transmission configuration were fitted with the phase of PA signal obtained from the theoretical model evaluated by considering four parameters—viz., thermal diffusivity, diffusion coefficient, nonradiative recombination time, and surface recombination velocity—as adjustable parameters. It is seen from the analysis that the photoacoustic technique is sensitive to the changes in the surface states depend on the doping concentration. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the photoacoustic technique as a noninvasive and nondestructive method to measure and evaluate the thermal and transport properties of epitaxial layers.
Girijavallabhan, C P; Radhakrishnan, P; Nibu, A George; Aneeshkumar, B(Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, April 7, 1999)
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Abstract:
The photobleaching of the lasing dye Rhodamine 6G embedded in the solid
matrix poly(methyl methacrylate) was investigated using a photoacoustic technique.
Chopped laser radiation from an argon ion laser at four different wavelengths was used for
the study. Experimental results indicate that the photobleaching rate is directly proportional
to the incident laser power while it decreases with increase in concentration of the dye
molecules. In the present case we have not observed any dependence of photobleaching on
the chopping frequency. One-photon absorption is found to be responsible for the
photobleaching of the dye within the selected range of laser power
Sajan, D George; Aji, A Anapara; Warrier, P R S; Warrier, K G K; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Elsevier, September , 2008)
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Abstract:
Laser-induced nondestructive photoacoustic (PA) technique has been employed to determine the thermal diffusivity of nanometal (Ag) dispersed ceramic alumina matrix sintered at different temperatures. The thermal diffusivity values are evaluated by knowing the transition frequency from the amplitude spectrum of PA signal using the one-dimensional heat flow model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. Analysis of the data shows that heat transport and hence the thermal diffusivity value is greatly affected by the influence of incorporation of foreign atom. It is also seen that sintering temperature affects the thermal diffusivity value in a substantial manner. The results are interpreted in terms of variation in porosity and carrier-assisted heat transport mechanism in nanometal dispersed ceramics.
Sajan, D George; Rajesh, K; Warrier, K G K; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(October 29, 2011)
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Abstract:
The laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique has been employed
to measure the thermal diffusivity of lanthanum phosphate ceramics prepared
by the sol–gel route. The thermal diffusivity value was evaluated by knowing
the transition frequency between the thermally thin to thermally thick region
from the log–log plot of photoacoustic amplitude versus chopping frequency.
Analysis of the data was carried out on the basis of the one-dimensional
model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present investigation reveals that the
sintering temperature has great influence on the propagation of heat carriers
and hence on the thermal diffusivity value. The results were interpreted
in terms of variations in porosity with sintering temperature as well as with
changes in grain size.
Sasi Kumar, P R; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Elsevier, August 1, 1995)
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Abstract:
The photoemission optogalvanic (POG) effect has been investigated in a neon-neodymium hollow cathode discharge using
cw laser excitation. Both positive and negative effects were observed. It was found that the amplitude of the POG signal was
unstable near the instability region of the discharge.
Sasi Kumar, P R; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(IOP, 1993)
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Abstract:
A two-photon induced photoemission optogalvanic effect which brings about a change in the discharge voltage when a pulsed dye laser beam is focused on a tungsten electrode has been described. The experiment is performed with N2, NO2 and Ar discharges. The magnitude of the signal voltage is studied as a function of laser energy and discharge current. The effective quantum efficiency in the discharge is found to be larger than that in the vacuum condition.
Sasi Kumar, P R; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(IOP, 1993)
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Abstract:
A two-photon induced photoemission optogalvanic effect which brings about a change in the discharge voltage when a pulsed dye laser beam is focused on a tungsten electrode has been described. The experiment is performed with N2, NO2 and Ar discharges. The magnitude of the signal voltage is studied as a function of laser energy and discharge current. The effective quantum efficiency in the discharge is found to be larger than that in the vacuum condition.
Ajith Prasad, K C; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Elsevier, 1996)
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Abstract:
Photoemission optogalvanaic (POG) effect has been observed by irradiating copper target electrode, in a nitrogen discharge cell using 1.06 μm and frequency doubled 532 nm Nd:YAG laser pulse. Measurement of the nature of the variation of POG signal strength with 532 nm laser fluence confirms the two photon induced photoelectric emission from copper. However, using 1.06 μm laser pulses thermally assisted photoemission is observed.
Girijavallabhan, C P; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N; Sajan, D George(Physical Review, American Physical Society, October 16, 2003)
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Abstract:
In this paper, we report the in-plane and cross-plane measurements of the thermal diffusivity of double
epitaxial layers of n-type GaAs doped with various concentrations of Si and a p-type Be-doped GaAs layer
grown on a GaAs substrate by the molecular beam epitaxial method, using the laser-induced nondestructive
photothermal deflection technique. The thermal diffusivity value is evaluated from the slope of the graph of the
phase of the photothermal deflection signal as a function of pump-probe offset. Analysis of the data shows that
the cross-plane thermal diffusivity is less than that of the in-plane thermal diffusivity. It is also seen that the
doping concentration has a great influence on the thermal diffusivity value. Measurement of p-type Be-doped
samples shows that the nature of the dopant also influences the effective thermal diffusivity value. The results
are interpreted in terms of a phonon-assisted heat transfer mechanism and the various scattering process
involved in the propagation of phonons.
Nibu, A George; Vallabhan, C P G; Nampoori, V P N; Radhakrishnan, P(Optical Society of America, August , 2002)
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Abstract:
Photothermal beam deflection studies were carried out with GaAs epitaxial double layers grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrates. The impurity densities in thin epitaxial layers were found to influence the effective thermal diffusivity of the entire structure.
George, S D; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Springer-Verlag, 2003)
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Abstract:
Laser induced transverse photothermal deflection
technique has been employed to determine the thermal parameters
of InP doped with Sn, S and Fe as well as intrinsic
InP. The thermal diffusivity values of these various samples
are evaluated from the slope of the curve plotted between the
phase of photothermal deflection signal and pump-probe offset.
Analysis of the data shows that heat transport and hence
the thermal diffusivity value, is greatly affected by the introduction
of dopant. It is also seen that the direction of heat flow with
respect to the plane of cleavage of semiconductor wafers influences
the thermal diffusivity value. The results are explained in
terms of dominating phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors.
Girijavallabhan, C P; Radhakrishnan, P; V P N Nampoori; Kumar, G A; Thomas, J; Unnikrishnan, N V; George, N(Journal of Materials Science ,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000)
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Abstract:
Physical and optical properties of various free base and metallic phthalocyanine (Pc) doped
glass matrix are reported for the first time. Absorption spectral measurements of H2Pc,
MnPc, NiPc, CoPc, CuPc, MoOPc, ZnPc and FePc doped borate glass matrix have been
made in the 200–1100 nm region and the spectra obtained are analyzed in the 2.1–6.2 eV
region to obtain the optical band gap (Eg) and the width of the band tail (Et). Other
important optical and physical parameters viz. refractive index (n), molar extinction
coefficient ("), density (½), glass transition temperature (Tg), molecular concentration (N ),
polaron radius (rp), intermolecular separation (R), molar refractivity (Rm) are also reported
Sreeramana Aithal, P; Nagaraja, H S; Mohan Rao, P; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G; Avasthi, D K(Elsevier, 1997)
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Abstract:
Organic nonlinear optical single crystals of Methyl para-Hydroxy Benzoate (MHB) have been grown using gel-solution technique. These crystals are cut along z-axis and are bombarded with Ag14+ ions of energy 100 MeV. The results show an increase in refractive index at the ion irradiated region. The dielectric constant of the irradiated crystal is increased more than 15 times compared to that of a nonirradiated crystal. The result of these changes and comparative study of second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency before and after irradiation is discussed.
Issac, R C; Varier, G K; Gopinath, P; Harilal, S S; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 1998)
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Abstract:
A silver target kept under partial vacuum conditions
was irradiated with focused nanosecond pulses at
1:06 mm from a Nd:YAG laser. The electron emission monitored
with a Langmuir probe shows a clear twin-peak distribution.
The first peak which is very sharp has only a small delay
and it indicates prompt electron emission with energy as
much as 60 5 eV. Also the prompt electron emission shows
a temporal profile with a width that is same as that for the
laser pulse whereas the second peak is broader, covers several
microseconds, and represents the low-energy electrons
(2 0:5 eV) associated with the laser-induced silver plasma
as revealed by time-of-flight measurements. It has been found
that prompt electrons ejected from the target collisionally
excite and ionize ambient gas molecules. Clearly resolved
rotational structure is observed in the emission spectra of
ambient nitrogen molecules. Combined with time-resolved
spectroscopy, the prompt electrons can be used as excitation
sources for various collisional excitation–relaxation experiments.
The electron density corresponding to the first peak is
estimated to be of the order of 1017 cm?--3 and it is found that
the density increases as a function of distance away from the
target. Dependence of probe current on laser intensity shows
plasma shielding at high laser intensities.
Geetha, K; Rajesh, M; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G; Radhakrishnan, P(Optical Society of America, 2006)
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Abstract:
The propagation characteristics of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) through a rhodamine 6 G-doped polymethyl methacrylate freestanding film waveguide were studied. This was done by shifting the excitation stripe horizontally along a transversely pumped waveguide. By this method, we could tune the ASE wavelength. The maximum tunability thus obtained was ~18 nm with a pump stripe length of 6 mm.
Bindhu, C V; Harilal, S S; Issac, Riju C; Geetha K, Varier; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Pramana, March , 1995)
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Abstract:
Pulsed photoacoustic measurements have been carried out in toluene at 532 nm
wavelength using a Q-switched frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. The variation of photoacoustic
signal amplitude with incident laser power indicates that at lower laser powers one
photon absorption takes place at this wavelength while a clear two photon absorption occurs in
this liquid at higher laser powers. The studies made here demonstrate that pulsed photoacoustic
technique is simple and effective for the investigation of multiphoton processes in
liquids.
Achamma, Kurian; Unnikrishnan, K P; Thomas Lee, S; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Taylor & Francis, 2002)
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Abstract:
A sensitive method based on the principle of photothermal phenomena to realize optical
logic gates is presented. A dual beam thermal lens method using low power cw lasers in a
dye-doped polymer can be very effectively used as an alternate technique to perform the
logical function such as NAND, AND and OR.
Thomas Lee, S; Jose, Gin; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G; Unnikrishnan, N V; Radhakrishnan, P(IOP Publishing, 2001)
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Abstract:
The fabrication and characterization of a fibre optic pH sensor based on
evanescent wave absorption is presented. The unclad portion of a
multi-mode optical fibre is coated with a pH sensitive dye, which is
immobilized by the sol–gel route. The sensitivity of the device has been
found to increase when multiple sol–gel coatings are used as the sensing
region. The dynamic range and the temporal response of the sensor are
investigated for two different dyes, namely bromocresol purple and
bromocresol green. The performance of the device is evaluated in terms of
the results obtained during actual measurements.
Girijavallabhan, C P; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N; Thomas Lee, S; Jose, Gin; Unnikrishnan, N V(Journal of Optics A : Pure and Applied Optics, July 12, 2001)
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Abstract:
The fabrication and characterization of a fibre optic pH sensor based on
evanescent wave absorption is presented. The unclad portion of a
multi-mode optical fibre is coated with a pH sensitive dye, which is
immobilized by the sol–gel route. The sensitivity of the device has been
found to increase when multiple sol–gel coatings are used as the sensing
region. The dynamic range and the temporal response of the sensor are
investigated for two different dyes, namely bromocresol purple and
bromocresol green. The performance of the device is evaluated in terms of
the results obtained during actual measurements
Sheeba, M; Rajesh, M; Mathew, S; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G; Radhakrishnan, P(Optical Society of America, April , 2008)
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Abstract:
Two-photon excited (TPE) side illumination fluorescence studies in a Rh6G-RhB dye mixture doped polymer optical fiber (POF) and the effect of energy transfer on the attenuation coefficient is reported. The dye doped POF is pumped sideways using 800 nm, 70 fs laser pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser, and the TPE fluorescence emission is collected from the end of the fiber for different propagation distances. The fluorescence intensity of RhB doped POF is enhanced in the presence of Rh6G as a result of energy transfer from Rh6G to RhB. Because of the reabsorption and reemission process in dye molecules, an effective energy transfer is observed from the shorter wavelength part of the fluorescence spectrum to the longer wavelength part as the propagation distance is increased in dye doped POF. An energy transfer coefficient is found to be higher at shorter propagation distances compared to longer distances. A TPE fluorescence signal is used to characterize the optical attenuation coefficient in dye doped POF. The attenuation coefficient decreases at longer propagation distances due to the reabsorption and reemission process taking place within the dye doped fiber as the propagation distance is increased.