Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are relatively new computational tools that have found extensive utilization in solving many complex real-world problems. This paper describes how an ANN can be used to identify the spectral lines of elements. The spectral lines of Cadmium (Cd), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Lithium (Li), Mercury (Hg), Potassium (K) and Strontium (Sr) in the visible range are chosen for the investigation. One of the unique features of this technique is that it uses the whole spectrum in the visible range instead of individual spectral lines. The spectrum of a sample taken with a spectrometer contains both original peaks and spurious peaks. It is a tedious task to identify these peaks to determine the elements present in the sample. ANNs capability of retrieving original data from noisy spectrum is also explored in this paper. The importance of the need of sufficient data for training ANNs to get accurate results is also emphasized. Two networks are examined: one trained in all spectral lines and other with the persistent lines only. The network trained in all spectral lines is found to be superior in analyzing the spectrum even in a noisy environment.
Pratap, R; Nampoori, V P N; Lalaja, Varghese(International Journal of Neuroscience, 1988)
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Abstract:
It is shown that the invariant integral, viz., the Kolmogorov second entropy, is eminently suited to characterize EEG quantitatively. The estimation obtained for a "clinically normal" brain is compared with a previous result obtained from the EEG of a person under epileptic seizure.
Nampoori, V P N; Radhakrishnan, P; Girijavallabhan, C P; Geetha, K; Rajesh, M(Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, Institute of Physics Publishing, January 13, 2006)
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Abstract:
We present a compact solid-state laser based on leaky mode propagation
from a dye-doped polymer free-standing film waveguide. The edge emitted
spectrum clearly indicated the existence of periodic resonant modes. The
reflections from the lateral faces of the free-standing film provided the
optical feedback thus giving rise to a Fabry–Perot like optical cavity. This
together with the guidance through the gain medium gave rise to intense
narrow emission lines. For a pump energy of 1.82 mJ/pulse, an intense line
with FWHM ∼0.4 nmwas observed at 576.5 nm.
Santhi Ani, Joseph; Gaurav, Sharma; Misha, Hari; Mathew, S; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N(Optical Society of America, 2010)
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Abstract:
We demonstrate the possibility of realizing, all-optical switching in gold nanosol. Two overlapping laser beams are used for this purpose, due to which a low-power beam passing collinear to a high-power beam will undergo cross phase modulation and thereby distort the spatial profile. This is taken to advantage for performing logic operations. We have also measured the threshold pump power to obtain a NOT gate and the minimum response time of the device. Contrary to the general notion that the response time of thermal effects used in this application is of the order of milliseconds, we prove that short pump pulses can result in fast switching. Different combinations of beam splitters and combiners will lead to the formation of other logic functions too.
Nampoori, V P N(Wiley Inter Science, March 27, 2007)
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Abstract:
Optical fiber based laser induced fluorescence (LIF)
measurements were carried out using Rhodamine B to analyze
two different species of bacteria , a Gram-positive bacteria
namely Bacillus .cmithii , and fibrin alginolvticus, a Gram-'
negative bacteria . The fiber sensor was clearly able to distinguish
between the two species of bacteria . Quenching effect of the dye
Rhodamine B by Bacillus smitltii was observed . The effect of dye
on the samples was also studied in detail.
Reethamma, Thomas; Nampoori, V P N(Elsevier, 1990)
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Abstract:
Fluorescence of BaS: Sm phosphor has been studied using a pulsed Nitrogen laser (337.1 nm) as the excitation source. The spectrum consists of a broad band in the region 540–660nm superposed by the characteristic Sm3+ lines. Energy level splitting pattern of Sm3+ due to crystal field effects has been calculated and relevent field parameters are evaluated. Analysis shows that Sm3+ takes up Ba2+ substitutional sites.
Nampoori, V P N; Radhakrishnan, P; Girijavallabhan, C P; Sajan, D George; Aji, A Anapara; K G K Warrier(Proceedings of SPIE, 2003)
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In this paper, we report the measurements of thermal diffusivity of nano Ag metal dispersed ceramic alumina
matrix sintered at different temperatures using laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique. Measurements of
thermal diffusivity also have been carried out on specimens with various concentration of nano metal. Analysis of the
data is done on the basis of one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present measurements on the
thermal diffusivity of nano metal dispersed ceramic alumina shows that porosity has a great influence on the heat
transport and the thermal diffusivity value. The present analysis also shows that the inclusion of nano metal into
ceramic matrix increases its interconnectivity and hence the thermal diffusivity value. The present study on the samples
sintered at different temperature shows that the porosity of the ceramics varies considerably with the change in sintering
temperature. The results are interpreted in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism and the exclusion of pores
with the increase in sintering temperature
Bindhu, C V; Harilal, S S; Riju, C Issac; Geetha K, Varier; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(World Scientific Publishing Company, 1995)
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Abstract:
Measurement of thermal lensing signal as a function of laser power made in Rhodamine B solutions in methanol give clear evidence of two photon absorption process within certain concentration ranges when 488 nm Ar+ laser beam is used as the pump source. Only one photon process is found to occur when 514 nm and 476 nm beams are used as the pump.
Litty, Irimpan; Bindu, Krishnan; Nampoori, V P N; Radhakrishnan, P(Optical Society of America, August 20, 2008)
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We present the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites prepared by colloidal chemical synthesis. Obvious enhancement of ultraviolet (UV) emission of the samples is observed, and the strongest UV emission of a typical ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite is over three times stronger than that of pure ZnO. The nonlinearity of the silica colloid is low, and its nonlinear response can be improved by making composites with ZnO. These nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity and good nonlinear absorption behavior. The observed nonlinear absorption is explained through two photon absorption followed by weak free carrier absorption and nonlinear scattering. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption increase with increasing ZnO volume fraction and can be attributed to the enhancement of exciton oscillator strength. ZnO-SiO2 is a potential nanocomposite material for the UV light emission and for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold.
Moosad, K P B; Abdul Rasheed, T M; Nampoori, V P N; Sathianandan, K(Optical Society of America, 1990)
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Abstract:
Low power optical phase conjugation in polyvinyl alcohol
films embedded with saturable dyes is reported. Phase
conjugate reflectivity achieved is higher than that obtained
in the case of similar gelatin films.
Nampoori, V P N; Litty, Irimpan; Bindu, Krishnan; Radhakrishnan, P(Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, April 29, 2008)
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Abstract:
In this article we present the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO–TiO2 nanocomposites prepared
by colloidal chemical synthesis. Emission peaks of ZnO–TiO2 nanocomposites change from 340 nm
to 385 nm almost in proportion to changes in Eg. The nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity
and good nonlinear absorption behaviour. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption
increase with increasing TiO2 volume fraction at 532 nm and can be attributed to the enhancement of
exciton oscillator strength. ZnO–TiO2 is a potential nanocomposite material for the tunable light emission
and for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold
Swapna, Nair S; Rajesh, S; Abraham, V S; Anantharaman, M R; Nampoori, V P N(Elsevier, 2006)
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Fine magnetic particles (size≅100 Å) belonging to the series ZnxFe1−xFe2O4 were synthesized by cold co-precipitation methods and their structural properties were evaluated using X-ray diffraction. Magnetization studies have been carried out using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) showing near-zero loss loop characteristics. Ferrofluids were then prepared employing these fine magnetic powders using oleic acid as surfactant and kerosene as carrier liquid by modifying the usually reported synthesis technique in order to induce anisotropy and enhance the magneto-optical signals. Liquid thin films of these fluids were prepared and field-induced laser transmission through these films was studied. The transmitted light intensity decreases at the centre with applied magnetic field in a linear fashion when subjected to low magnetic fields and saturate at higher fields. This is in accordance with the saturation in cluster formation. The pattern exhibited by these films in the presence of different magnetic fields was observed with the help of a CCD camera and was recorded photographically.
Rajasree, K; Vidyalal, V; Radhakrishnan, P; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(American Institute of Physics, August 1, 1993)
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Abstract:
Laser‐induced damage and ablation thresholds of bulk superconducting samples of Bi2(SrCa)xCu3Oy(x=2, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 3) and Bi1.6 (Pb)xSr2Ca2Cu3 Oy (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) for irradiation with a 1.06 μm beam from a Nd‐YAG laser have been determined as a function of x by the pulsed photothermal deflection technique. The threshold values of power density for ablation as well as damage are found to increase with increasing values of x in both systems while in the Pb‐doped system the threshold values decrease above a specific value of x, coinciding with the point at which the Tc also begins to fall.
Nampoori, V P N; Senoy, Thomas; Jinesh, Mathew; Radhakrishnan, P; George, A K; Al-Harthi,R V; Ramanujan, R V; Anantharaman, M R(Sensors and Actuators: A Physical, May 11, 2010)
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Metallic glass alloy Metglas 2826 MB based amorphous magnetic thin films were
fabricated by the thermal evaporation technique. Transmission electron micrographs and
electron diffraction pattern showed the amorphous nature of the films. Composition of
the films was analyzed employing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy techniques. The film was integrated to a long period fibre
grating. It was observed that the resonance wavelength of the fibre grating decreased with
an increase in the magnetic field. Change in the resonance wavelength was minimal at
higher magnetic fields. Field dependent magnetostriction values revealed the potential
application of these films in magnetostrictive sensor devices
Sasi Kumar, P R; Nampoori, V P N; Vallabhan, C P G(Springer, May , 1994)
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Abstract:
The changes in emission characteristics of a neon hollow cathode discharge by resonant laser excitation of 1s 5→2p 2 and 1s 5→2p 4 transition have been studied by simultaneously monitoring the optogalvanic effect and the laser induced fluorescence. It has been observed that resonant excitation causes substantial variation in the relative intensities of lines in the emission spectrum of neon discharge.
Nampoori, V P N; Samuel, Varghese; Suresh, Nair; Girijavallabhan, C P(Elsevier, Journal of Optics Communications, November 26, 2008)
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Abstract:
A new method for the fabrication of high uniformity monolithic 1 x 4 single mode fused coupler is
described together with details of its performance in terms of coupling ratio, spectral response and uniformity.
The fabricated device exhibits ultra-broadband performance with a port-to-port uniformity of
0.4 dB. The reliability of such couplers is also evaluated and found to have good stability. Moreover, by
controlling the process parameters it is possible to control the power remaining in the through put port
of the device, which can be used for dedicated non-intrusive network health monitoring.
Aneeshkumar, B; Pramod, Gopinath; Jayan,Thomas; Vallabhan, C P G; Nampoori, V P N; Radhakrishnan, P(Elsevier, June , 2004)
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Abstract:
The nanosecond optical limiting characteristics of sandwich-type neodymium diphthalocyanine in a co-polymer matrix of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and methyl-2-cyanoacrylate have been studied for the first time. The measurements were performed using 9 ns laser pulses generated from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm wavelength. The optical limiting performance of neodymium diphthalocyanine in co-polymer host was studied at different linear transmission. Laser damage threshold was also measured for the doped and undoped co-polymer samples. The optical limiting response is attributed to reverse saturable absorption which is due to excited-state absorption.
Kumar, G A; Gin, Jose; Vinoy, Thomas; Unnikrishnan, N V; Nampoori, V P N(Elsevier, 2003)
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Abstract:
Optical absorption studies of phthalocyanines (Pc-s) in borate glass matrix have been reported for the first time. Measurements have been done corresponding to photon energies between 1.1 and 6.2 eV for free base, manganese, iron, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and copper phthalocyanines. Several new discrete transitions are observed in the UV–vis region of the spectra in addition to a strong continuum component of absorption in the IR region. Values of some of the important optical constants viz. absorption coefficient (α), molar extinction coefficient (ε), absorption cross-section (σa), band width (Δλ), electric dipole strength (q2) and oscillator strength (f) for the relevant electronic transitions are also presented. All the data reported for Pc-s in the new matrix have been compared with those corresponding to solution, vapor and thin film media.
Lalaja, Varghese; Nampoori, V P N; Pratap, R(Current Science, October 20, 1987)
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Abstract:
A mathematical analysis of an electroencephalogram of a human Brain during an epileptic
seizure shows that the K2 entropy decreases as compared to a clinically normal brain while the
dimension of the attractor does not show significant deviation.
Unnikrishnan, K P; Nampoori, V P N; Ramakrishnan, V; Umadevi, M; Vallabhan, C P G(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2003)
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Abstract:
Nonlinear optical absorption in silver nanosol was investigated at selected wavelengths (456 nm, 477 nm and 532 nm) using open aperture Z-scan technique. It was observed that nature of nonlinear absorption is sensitively dependent on input fluence as well as on excitation wavelength. Besides, the present sample was found to exhibit reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and saturable absorption (SA) at these wavelengths depending on excitation fluence. RSA is attributed to enhanced absorption resulting from photochemical changes. SA observed for fluence values lower and higher than those corresponding to RSA are, respectively, attributed to plasmon bleach and saturation of RSA.