Santhosh Kumar, R; Dr. Rajendran, S(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, November , 2006)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
The present study deals with the different hydrogeological
characteristics of the coastal region of central Kerala and a comparative
analysis with corresponding hard rock terrain. The coastal regions lie in
areas where the aquifer systems discharge groundwater ultimately into the
sea. Groundwater development in such regions will require a precise
understanding of the complex mechanism of the saline and fresh water
relationship, so that the withdrawals are so regulated as to avoid situations
leading to upcoming of the saline groundwater bodies as also to prevent
migration of sea water ingress further inland. Coastal tracts of Kerala are
formed by several drainage systems. Thick pile of semi-consolidated and
consolidated sediments from Tertiary to Recent age underlies it. These
sediments comprise phreatic and confined aquifer systems. The
corresponding hard rock terrain is encountered with laterites and
underlined by the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Supply of water from
hard rock terrain is rather limited. This may be due to the small pore size,
low degree of interconnectivity and low extent of weathering of the country
rocks. The groundwater storage is mostly controlled by the thickness and
hydrological properties of the weathered zone and the aquifer geometry.
The over exploitation of groundwater, beyond the ‘safe yield’ limit, cause
undesirable effects like continuous reduction in groundwater levels,
reduction in river flows, reduction in wetland surface, degradation of
groundwater quality and many other environmental problems like drought,
famine etc.
Description:
Dept. of Marine Geology and Geophysics
School of Marine Sciences
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Vinayachandran, N; Narayana, A C(Cochin University of Science and Technology, June 21, 2014)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
This is an attempt to understand the important factors that control the occurrence, development and hydrochemical evolution of groundwater resources in sedimentary multi aquifer systems. The primary objective of this work is an integrated study of the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry with a view to elucidate the hydrochemical evolution
of groundwater resources in the aquifer systems. The study is taken up in a typical coastal sedimentary aquifer system evolved under fluvio-marine environment in the coastal area of Kerala, known as the Kuttanad.
The present study has been carried out to understand the aquifer systems, their inter relationships and evolution in the Kuttanad area of Kerala. The multi aquifer systems in
the Kuttanad basin were formed from the sediments deposited under fluvio-marine and
fluvial depositional environments and the marine transgressions and regressions in the
geological past and palaeo climatic conditions influenced the hydrochemical environment in these aquifers. The evolution of groundwater and the hydrochemical processes involved in the formation of the present day water quality are elucidated from
hydrochemical studies and the information derived from the aquifer geometry and hydraulic properties.
Kuttanad area comprises of three types of aquifer systems namely phreatic aquifer underlain by Recent confined aquifer followed by Tertiary confined aquifers. These systems were formed by the deposition of sediments under fluvio-marine and fluvial environment.
The study of the hydrochemical and hydraulic properties of the three aquifer systems proved that these three systems are separate entities. The phreatic aquifers in the area
have low hydraulic gradients and high rejected recharge.
The Recent confined aquifer has very poor hydraulic characteristics and recharge to this
aquifer is very low. The Tertiary aquifer system is the most potential fresh water aquifer
system in the area and the groundwater flow in the aquifer is converging towards the central part of the study area (Alleppey town) due to large scale pumping of water for water supply from this aquifer system. Mixing of waters and anthropogenic interferences are the dominant processes modifying the hydrochemistry in phreatic aquifers. Whereas, leaching of salts and cation exchange are the dominant processes modifying the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the confined aquifer system of Recent alluvium. Two significant chemical reactions modifying the hydrochemistry in the Recent aquifers are oxidation of iron in ferruginous clays which contributes hydrogen ions and the decomposition of organic matter in the aquifer system which consumes hydrogen ions. The hydrochemical environment is entirely different in the Tertiary aquifers as the groundwater in this aquifer system are palaeo waters evolved during various marine transgressions and regressions and these waters are being modified by processes of leaching of salts, cation exchange and chemical reactions under strong reducing environment. It is proved that the salinity observed in the groundwaters of Tertiary aquifers are not due to seawater mixing or intrusion, but due to dissolution of salts from
the clay formations and ion exchange processes. Fluoride contamination in this aquifer
system lacks a regional pattern and is more or less site specific in natureThe lowering of piezometric heads in the Tertiary aquifer system has developed as consequence of large scale pumping over a long period. Hence, puping from this aquifer system is to be regulated as a groundwater management strategy. Pumping from the Tertiary aquifers with high capacity pumps leads to well failures and mixing of saline water from the brackish zones. Such mixing zones are noticed from the hydrochemical studies. This is the major aquifer contamination in the Tertiary aquifer system which requires immediate attention. Usage of pumps above 10 HP capacities in wells taping Tertiary aquifers should be discouraged for sustainable development of these aquifers. The recharge areas need to be identified precisely for recharging the aquifer systems throughartificial means.
Vinayan,V B; Dr.Seralathan, P(Cochin University of Science and Technology, February , 2009)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
The present investigation on " Hydrology, stratigraphy, and evolution of the palaeo-lagoon (Koleland basin)in the Central Kerala coast, India" is an integrated approach based on hydrogeological,geophysical,hydrochemical and stratigraphic aspects.A strong scientific data base of the study area is generated using interpretation of well observation and water quality analysis. The salient findings of the present study are given to provide a holistic picture on the hydrogeology (including groundwater resource and its quality),stratigraphy and evolution of the palaeo-lagoon
Shadananan Nair,K; Dr.Ram Mohan,H S(Cochin University of Science and Technology, October 1, 1987)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
Study of Kerala State in relation to the western Ghats, using The present thesis envisages a hydrometeorological various statistical techniques and the water balance concepts first developed by Thornthwaite. The first chapter of the thesis gives general introduction where the purpose and scope of the study have been given. Chapter II discusses the importance of hydrometeorological studies in general and of water balance in particular, in planning for the overall development of any region. Chapter III consists of the presentation of various geographical features of Kerala. An introduction to the physiography of the western Ghats and detailed hydroclimatic studies of the Western Ghats region which includes analysis of rainfall and the study of water balance elements form Chapter IV. In Chapter V, a detailed hydrometeorological study of Kerala State is made. Discussion of the results of the study and suggestions for optimum utilization of the available water resources for the overall development of the western Ghats region in general and Kerala in particular are made in Chapter VI.
Description:
Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Division,
School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology
Susan, Mathew; Dr.Damodaran,R(Cochin University of Science & Technology, 1993)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
The present investigation is to find the hypoxic adaptations and role of carotenoids in the anaerobic catabolism of two intertidal bivalves-Sunetta scripta and Perna viridis. Physiological and cytological responses during hypoxic stress have been studied and compared to that of sublethal heavy metal (copper) exposure using two indices : total carotenoid concentration and accumulation of lipofuscin granules. A close similarity has been observed between hypoxic exposed and copper (sublethal) exposed animals regarding the total carotenoid concentration and lipofuscin accumulation. In the case of S.scripta, the total caroteniod increase at 48h of both hypoxic and heavy metal exposure was found to be nearly 40% greater than that of the control (0h). Whereas in P.viridis, the increment in the total carotenoid concentration at 48h of hypoxic exposure and 48h of heavy metal exposure were found to be nearly 87% and 95% higher than that of the control (0h) respectively.Regarding the lipofuscin accumulation, in both S.scripta and P.viridis , the characteristic features of the granule at 48h of hypoxia is very much similar to that observed at 48h of heavy metal exposure. Thus, the present study suggests that the increase in carotenoid concentration and lipofuscin accumulation expressed by bivalves under heavy metal stress can be due to the indirect effect of hypoxia.
Description:
Division of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin university of Science and Technology
George, A I; Dr.Karunakaran, V(Cochin University of Science and Technology, June 28, 1991)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
Vast changes have taken place in the field of institutional rural credit in India since the nationalisation of nineteen commercial banks in 1969. The supply of institutional
finance to cultivators amounted to 63.2 percent of the total credit in 1981 compared to 31.2 percent in 1971. Insti tutionalisation of agricultural credit envisaged two objectives in general. One was to emancipate cultivators and farmers from the clutches of indigenous financiers and money lenders. The second was to make farmers financially capable of adopting the new technology or improved practices in agriculture so as to increase their agricultural production and thereby contributing to the development of agriculture in India. Though vast literature on Institutional Credi t and agriculture is available, no indepth and serious work examining
thoroughly the cause of credit diversion has been undertaken so far. The present study is an attempt to fill up this gap. The study will be helpful to lending insti tutions, viz. Co-ope:r-atives,
Commercial banks and various other insti tutional agencies in connection with their lending activity_ Also, the study will help government in .formulating proper policies that will insure
a preferential treatment in favour of the most needy category of farmers and cultivators with respect to agricultural credit disbursement
Description:
Department of Applied Economics, Cochin University
of Science and Technology
Navya, Antony; Dr.Mohanan, P V(Cochin University of Science And Technology, March 25, 2014)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
Several natural and synthetic supports have been assessed for their efficiency
for enzyme immobilization. Synthetic polymer materials are prepared by chemical
polymerization using various monomers. As a kind of important carrier, synthetic
polymer materials exhibit the advantages of good mechanical rigidity, high specific
surface area, inertness to microbial attack, easy to change their surface characteristics,
and their potential for bringing specific functional group according to actual needs.
Hence, they have been widely investigated and used for enzyme immobilization.
When it comes to the natural polymer materials, much attention has been paid
to cellulose and other natural polymer materials owing to their wide range of sources,
easy modification, nontoxic, and pollution-free, with a possibility of introducing wide
variety of functional groups and good biocompatible properties.
In this work report the use of synthetic polymer, polypyrrole and its
derivatives and natural polymers coconut fiber and sugarcane bagasse as supports for
Diastase α- amylase immobilization. An attempt was also made to functionalize both
synthetic and natural polymers using Amino-propyl triethoxysilane. Supports and their
immobilized forms were characterized via FT-IR, TG, SEM, XRD, BET and EDS
techniques. Immobilization parameters were also optimized so as to prepare stable
immobilized biocatalyst for starch hydrolysis.
Description:
Department of Applied Chemistry
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Asma, V M; Dr.Mathew, K J(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, December , 1993)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
The present study was undertaken to make a detailed investigation
for_ the assessment of specific impact of commonly used biocides at the
lower trophic level of food chain i.e., microalgae by using batch culture
techniques in the laboratory. Microalgal representatives from three habitats
i.e., fresh water, estuarine and marine were investigated. The different
biocides selected are of common use in the agricultural practices.
Because of the importance of microalgae as live feed for larval
and postlarval stages of different aquatic organisms, the fluctuations
in algal populations as a result of biocide treatment will surely affect
the food chain. These studies are also of significance in setting the
criteria and standards for water quality management by suggesting threshold
values of different biocides tested, beyond which they affect the ecosystem
adversely. The thesis has been divided into six chapters
Description:
School Of Marine Sciences,Cochin University Of Science And Technology
Harikumar, S; Dr.Jose, Payyappilly T(Cochin University Of Science And Technology, March 1, 1986)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
Introduction of agrarian reforms and introduction of
new technology increased dependence on casual labourers.
High labour absorption in the subsistence agriculture and
increased price of input resulted in high cost of cultivation.
Price of paddy did not rise correspondingly. As a result
subsistence economy's future is bleak. The purpose of the
_study is to examine these arguments and related issues with
the help of empirical evidence from Kuttanad.
The credit schemes are designed to help farmers to
earn higher incomes by larger output brought either by an
increase in area or by an improvement in yield rates or both.
It is difficult to isolate the impact of agricultural credit
on agricultural development. Because agricultural development
is the combined effect of all inputs. The specific
.criteria selected for analysing the impact of agricultural
icredit are how increased supply of credit would bring changes
‘in capital formation, agrarian relations, informal lending and
its cost and the changes in area, output, introduction of new
technology, income, savings and employment of farm households.
Description:
School of Management Studies,Cochin University Of Science And Technology
Haseena,Raghavan; Dr.Ram Mohan,H S(Cochin University of Science and Technology, March , 1996)
[+]
[-]
Abstract:
In the present investigation, the impacts of the variability of the climatic parameters on the yields of major crops grown in the State are analyzed. In particular, the effects of rainfall variability on the water balances of the different regions in the State have been studied. Through this analysis the drought climatology of the region has been studied along with an overview of the climatic shifts involved in individual years. The relationship between weather parameters and crop yields over the State has been analyzed with case studies of two crops- coconut and paddy. Crop-weather models for forecasting coconut and paddy yields have been developed, which could be used for planning purposes
Description:
Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology